Definition and Examples of Derivational Morphemes

When youre talking about biology, morphology is defined as the branch of study that deals with the form and structure of organisms and their unique structural features. Linguists often think of language as a living thing because, like a biological life form, it is reshaped by external forces acting on its structure and also changes over time. Linguistic morphology, then, is the study of how words are formed and how they relate to other words in a common language. Much the same way a biologist might study the phenomenon of metamorphosis, a linguist might study a word and its component parts to learn how its structure and meaning have evolved. In grammar, a derivational morpheme is an  affix—a group of letters added before the beginning (prefix) or after the end (suffix)—of a root or base word to create a new word or a new form of an existing word. Adding Derivational Morphemes Adding a derivational morpheme often changes the grammatical category or part of speech of the root word to which it is added. For example, adding ful to the noun beauty changes the word into an adjective (beautiful), while  replacing the e with er at the end of the verb merge changes it into a noun (merger). The form of a word that results from adding a derivational morpheme is known as a derived word or a derivative. You can add derivational morphemes to free morphemes, which are those words that cant be divided into smaller component parts and retain meaning. Most one-syllable words in the English language are free morphemes. For instance, in the sentence: I hit the man on his head, each of the words is a free morpheme that cant be broken down into smaller parts. To give the sentence a more precise meaning, I could toss in a derivational morpheme. By adding the prefix fore to the word head the reader now knows which part of the head the man was hit on. Not only does it give the precise location of the injury, it indicates a greater potential for harm since the forehead is a very sensitive part of the human anatomy. You can also add more than one derivational morpheme to a root word to create several different meanings. For example, the verb transform consists of the root word form and a derivational morpheme, the prefix trans. By adding the derivational morpheme ation as a suffix, transform becomes the noun transformation. But you dont have to stop there. By adding another derivational morpheme suffix al after ation, you can create the adjective transformational. Inflectional Morphemes vs. Derivational Morphemes Inflectional morphemes  define certain aspects pertaining to the grammatical function of a word. There are only eight inflectional morphemes in the English language—and they’re all suffixes. The two inflectional morphemes that can be added to nouns are -’s (apostrophe s) to indicate the possessive case and -es to indicate the plural case. The four inflections that can be added to verbs are -(e)d to indicate past tense, -ing to indicate the present participle, -en, to represent the past participle, and –s, for the third person singular. The two inflections can be added to adjectives are: -er, for the comparative and -est, for the superlative. Unlike inflectional affixes, the potential number of derivational affixes in the English language is limited only by the scope of the vocabulary of a given speaker or writer. As a result, it would impossible to create a comprehensive list of derivational morphemes but we can look at a few representative examples. In American English when suffixes such as -ize or -ful are added to a noun, the noun becomes the corresponding verb, as in cannibalize, vaporize, mesmerize, helpful, playful, thoughtful, and so on. When the suffix -ize is added to an adjective, the words are transformed into verbs: realize, finalize, vitalize, etc. Some Morphemes are Both Inflectional and Derivational Meanwhile, some inflectional morphemes, specifically -ed, -en, -er, -ing, and -ly, can take on on characteristics of derivational morphemes. For example, the suffix -er can function as both an inflectional and a derivational morpheme. In its inflectional capacity, -er is added to adjectives to indicate the comparative as in thicker, describing something that has additional mass. As a derivational morpheme, -er gets a lot of use in the production of forming new nouns. Such morphemes when attached to root verbs form nouns such as farmer to describe someone who performs the action indicated by the verb. When -er is added to a root adjective, a noun is formed: as in homesteader, which describes someone in terms of the quality denoted by the adjective. When -er is added to a nominal root noun, the meaning of the resulting noun is incorporated in the modified word. Take the word freighter for example. The root word freight has been modified, however, the definition of the new noun freighter—a type of vessel used to transport freight—retains the quality denoted by the original noun. Sources Hamawand, Zeki. Morphology in English: Word Formation in Cognitive Grammar. Continuum, 2011Remson, Lynne Hebert. Oral Language from Literacy for the New Millennium, ed. by Barbara J. Guzzetti. Praeger, 2007Parker, Frank and Riley, Kathryn. Linguistics for Non-Linguists, 2nd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 1994

Ira History And Transformation Of The Ira Essay - 1341 Words

IRA History and transformation to the RIRA The precursor to the IRA was a group called the Irish Volunteers who later transformed in the IRA around 1919. The goal from the start was to create the Independent Republic that was not controlled by Britain. The Sinn Fein was the government wing of the terrorist group, who shared the same exact goal but from a diplomatic standpoint. Not everyone who was a part of the IRA was also a part of the Sinn Fein and vice versa but the membership tended to overlap during the IRA’s inception period. The IRA first used terrorism during the war of Irish independence from 1919-1921 against Britain. At the end of the war, Britain had let go of 26 counties and this resulted in a new free Ireland. However, 6 counties remained under Britains control. The 6 six counties that remained were together named Northern Ireland and to this day, Northern Ireland is still a part of the United Kingdom. The first split of the IRA happened during this time between those who accepted 26 counties being s et free (loyalist) and those who were upset that 6 remained under Britain control. Those who were not in favor of 6 counties apart of the United Kingdom were named the Irregulars. A civil war occurred between the irregulars and the new Irish government and the irregulars had lost. This did not stop them from recruiting and training, in hopes that their dream of a unified Ireland. The new Irish government made the organization illegal due to its continuedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Many Thousands Gone1260 Words   |  6 Pages In Ira Berlin’s book, Many Thousands Gone, the main focus is on the transformations that slavery went through from 1619 to 1800. Also, Ira Berlin investigates the ways that slaves and their owners discussed freedom. Meaning that the slaves actions, no matter how powerful the slave owner was, the actions were not in his power. 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Relationship Between Job Performance and Job Satisfaction

â€Å"Oh, give us the man who sings at his work.† – Thomas Carlyle In this essay, job performance has been defined and the main categories of job performance have been laid out to show the exact difference between task, contextual and counterproductive performance. Also, the association between job performance and satisfaction has been reviewed thoroughly to prove what matters most in order for an organization’s employees to perform at soaring levels. Job performance is formally defined as the value of the set of employee behaviors that contribute, either positively or negatively, to organizational goal accomplishment (Colquitt, Wesson and LePine, 2009, p. 37). Job performance comprises of actions which are under the employees’ control,†¦show more content†¦Those employees that are higher in conscientiousness will be more likely to be driven to show OCB as a possible means of satisfying their personal need for success and accomplishment. Scholars suggested that OCB could be driven by the desire to have an increase in job satisfying experiences and not just the desire to help others or reciprocate favorable treatment. LMX quality enhances job satisfaction, which further increases OCB. An average corrected correlation of .36 was found between job satisfaction and OCB. This is proved by pointing out the correlation between trait conscientiousness and job satisfaction (.21). Scholars and practitioners have regarded OC B as a valuable form of behavior since OCB’s use by the employees can be used for attaining greater LMX quality and satisfying job experiences and not just for signifying the response from the satisfaction stemming from a better valued LMX relationship (Lapierre and Hackett, 2007, p. 550). Counterproductive behavior is defined as employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment (Colquitt et al. 2009, p. 46). 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Evaluation Of Medium Access Control Protocol - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation Of Medium Access Control Protocol. Answer: INTRODUCTION This report depicts a comparison between existing radio based and wireless networks with underwater acoustic networks. The various challenges faced by underwater acoustic networks are analysed. Some of these challenges are slow signal propagation speed, very small channel capacity, low channel quality and high dynamics of channel quality, and long propagation delays. As a result, various Medium Access Control strategies are used to counter attack these challenges. Still, underwater acoustic network is a hot research topic because it has many applications. Radio-frequency based wireless networks (RWNs): Radio-frequency based wireless networks are which uses radio-frequency as a base for communication. The frequency range of these networks lies between 535 KHz to 300 GHz. Few examples of radio frequency based wireless networks are radio and television broadcast systems, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, satellite communication system and many more. These higher frequencies provide competence in propagation, and provide immunity from noise. The radio frequency signals inseminate between two station antennas named as sending and receiving stations. As the propagation medium is air therefore there is a loss in amplitude. Radio frequency based networks are classified according to their frequency range as follows, Less than 1GHz This frequency range is used for cordless phones, amateur television and ZigBee along with IEEE 802.15.4. Between 1GHz and 5GHz The ISM band falls under this category having a frequency range of 2.4GHz.WiMAX, GPS, microwave ovens also function in this range. Above than 5GHz Very less networks operate in this frequency range as they experience maximum attenuation and scattering. Few examples are IEEE 802.11a and 802.11n along with Wi-Fi. Advantages of radio frequency based wireless networks are: They have low propagation delays They have high frequency range Good operation in foggy weather conditions Long channel capacity High channel reliability Disadvantages of radio frequency based wireless networks are: Less security At times low throughput UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC NETWORKS An underwater acoustic network (UAN) can be defined as a communication network which is used to monitor particular ocean infrastructures. These networks are made by forming two-way acoustic links between the instruments located in the sea and the sensors. Acoustic waves enable communications over long-range links, as they suffer from relatively low absorption hence they are used in underwater acoustic networks.The range of these links is very small approx. 100 kms. When compared with radio-frequency based wireless networks, underwater acoustic networks have limited bandwidth which depends on the range as well as frequency. Also the propagation speed of these channels is lower than radio frequency channels and it keeps on fluctuating. The acoustic signals have time-varying multipath due to which they face interference and large Doppler shifts which are observed less in radio channels. The throughput of these networks is less because of the large delays in transactions. As radio-frequency based wireless networks are to the terrestrial environment, similarly for ocean environment underwater acoustic networks are designed. These networks provide a continuous check of the particular area of the sea. Advantages of underwater acoustic networks: They monitor and find environmental parameters inside the ocean. They help in understanding the complexities o underwater environment. Disadvantages of underwater acoustic networks: Low propagation speed Less power sufficient Limited bandwidth Various Medium Access Control Protocols are designed for under water acoustic networks. For long propagation delays there are three protocols described as follows. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)- In this protocol, the available frequencies are divided into sub bands and hence these sub bands are assigned to individual users. FDMA are accessible to fading because the channels bandwidths are small. The long propagation delays are reduced because of the division of frequencies. FDMA channels are faulty to bursty traffic. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)- In this protocol, rather than division of frequency bands the time intervals are divided. A particular time interval is appointed to individual users. TDMA along with FDMA trims the effects of intercell interference. Using TDMA, battery consumption is diminished. For TDMA channels in underwater acoustic networks it desires synchronization. But the time slots are kept so that the collisions in propagation delays are avoided. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)- In CDMA, the frequency band is accessed by multiple users. Different users are discriminated by the codes. The CDMA channels have large bandwidth and hence frequency fading is reduced. This protocol reduces the battery consumption as well and improves the throughput of the network. The reservation based MAC protocols for UWANs are: Message-based protocols for distributed topologies Under the category of message-based protocols or distributed topologies is signal-based reservation. As message-based reservation causes collision and to reduce these collisions a Tone-Lohi channel is used. T-Lohi reserves the channels and carrier sensing so that the reservation result can be verified. A node transfers data and then the channel is listened for the duration of contention round. The reservation is successful when no other tone is heard at the end of the contention round. T-Lohi is load stable and hence reduces the energy consumption and improves fairness of heavy traffic loads. There are various scheduling based UWAN MAC protocols. They are: ALOHA with Collision Avoidance In ALOHA-CA the nodes calculated the busy duration caused by the frames at every other node to avoid collisions. This method does not provide the information useful to calculate schedules for collision avoidance. The protocols performance is affected by propagation delays. Spatio-temporal conflict graph (ST-CG) The scheduling constraints are determined by this protocol which develops a TDMA-based scheduling as a NP- complete problem. Further, this problem is solved by Traffic based One-step Trial Approach algorithm. The long propagation delays are exploited by few MAC protocols, Bidirectional Concurrent MAC This protocol lets a pair of nodes to transfer to one another at the same time whenever a handshaking is successful. Along with this, many rounds of bidirectional transmissions whenever a burst happens. Underwater Distributed TDMA This scheduling protocol makes a use of scattered maximal independent set algorithm so that the maximum number of nodes which can transfer without collision in the same time interval can be determined. Staggered TDMA This protocol adapts propagation delay estimate to allow communication overlapping to decrease channel idle time. The scheduling decisions to resist reception conflict are also made. Distributed Traffic-based Scheduling MAC This protocol is based on an analytical model to optimize bandwidth allocation in multi-hop UWANs. The majority of the underwater acoustic networks MAC protocols are sender initiated protocols. Few receiver initiated protocols are: Spatially Fair MAC This protocol is used to handle spatial unfairness which occurs due to distinct distances. SF-MAC accepts a receiver-based protocol without any information of distance availability. It guarantees the node by submitting a Receiver to Sender as soon as possible to transfer the data first. The receiver abducts the RTS frames to evaluate the earliest transmitter by the usage of potential transmission duration. Underwater Practical MAC This protocol gives two access modes for high and low traffic loads, letting the nodes to switch between then in accordance to the traffic loads. This MAC protocol uses ALOHA at the low load mode for irrational data transmission. The receiver broadcasts an initial packet to the neighbours, then the neighbours response. At last, the receiver broadcasts an announcement frame comprising the schedule. This protocol is also used to calculate propagation delays between nodes. Conclusion Underwater acoustic networks have many applications. The various flaws in the design of underwater acoustic networks were power limitations, bandwidth limitations along with long propagation delays. But at the same time, most of these factors were taken care by the medium access layer protocols. MAC strategies which are suggested to handle few flaws of underwater acoustic networks are signal-based reservations, scheduling-based MAC, long propagation delays. It has been observed that since this technology is evolving but still there are many challenges which need to be solved. Over the next decade, significant improvements are anticipated in the design and performance of UWA networks as more experience is gained through at-sea experiments and network simulation tools. References [1]D. Dobkin,RF Engineering for Wireless Networks: Hardware, Antennas, and Propagation. USA: Elsevier, 2011. [2]S. Climent, A. Sanchez, J. Capella, N. Meratnia and J. Serrano, "Underwater Acoustic Wireless Sensor Networks: Advances and Future Trends in Physical, MAC and Routing Layers",Sensors, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 795-833, 2014. [3]G. Fan, H. Chen, L. Xie and K. Wang, "A hybrid reservation-based MAC protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks",Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1178-1192, 2013. [4]J. Loo, J. Lloret Mauri and J. Ortiz,Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. . [5]S. Jiang, "State-of-The-Art Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Networks: A Survey Based on A MAC Reference Model",IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, pp. 1-1, 2017. [6]Y. Su and Z. Jin, "UMMAC: A multi-channel MAC protocol for underwater acoustic networks",Journal of Communications and Networks, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 75-83, 2016. [7]H. Belloc,On. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1967. [8]D. Pyeon, I. Jang, H. Yoon and D. Kim, "RM-MAC: a reservation based multi-channel MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks",Wireless Networks, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 2727-2739, 2015. [9]P. Etter,Underwater acoustic modeling and simulation. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor Francis, 2013. [10]R. Otnes,Underwater Acoustic Networking Techniques. Berlin: Springer, 2012. [11]S. Shahabudeen, M. Motani and M. Chitre, "Analysis of a High-Performance MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks",IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 74-89, 2014. [12]H. Ng, W. Soh and M. Motani, "A Bidirectional-Concurrent MAC Protocol With Packet Bursting for Underwater Acoustic Networks",IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 547-565, 2013.

Data Findings And Analysis

Question: Explore the question for the survey. Answer: Introduction In this particular section, the questionnaire for the survey is designed. The questions are designed considering the sample size, which includes 50 students of Jordan and 10 parents. The questionnaire is prepared based on the demography, culture and economy of the country. In addition, the questionnaire includes both close-ended and open-ended questions. Quantitative questions What is your age? 15-20 years 20-25 years Above 25 years What is your gender? Male Female How far are you satisfied with the educational system of Jordan? Satisfied Highly Satisfied Neutral Dissatisfied Highly Dissatisfied How far do you agree that Jordons education system is effective for offering higher education? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree How far do you agree Jordons economy influences the education system of the country? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree How far do you agree countrys culture is supportive enough to pursue higher education? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree Disagree How far do you agree that traditional education system affects the quality of education of the country? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree Disagree How far do you agree assistance from parents immensely help to pursue higher education? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree Disagree How far do you agree young people need at least secondary education to gain skills for work in Jordan? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree Disagree How far do you agree that traditional culture of Jordan is the reason behind the high unemployment rate of women? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree Disagree What are the problem do you face while pursuing higher education? Countrys poor governance Uncertain economy Poor technology Howe far do you agree that unfavorable political environment affects the current education process? Strongly agree Agree Neutral Strongly Disagree Disagree Qualitative Questions What are the factors that largely influence the education system of the country? How do the laws and regulations concerning education influence the system? How does the traditional educational system affect the quality of education in Jordan? What are the factors that influence the students in not receiving secondary education? How does the traditional culture of Jordan affect the education process? Despite having higher education, why is the rate of unemployment of females comparatively low? How does countrys economy influence the educational system of the country? What actions can be implemented to improve the educational systems of the country?